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Major physiological signaling pathways in the regulation of cell proliferation and survival

The oxidation product of dopamine can induce ferroptosis by covalently modifying GPX4 and mediating its ubiquitination and degradation (50)

Kiray M, Bagriyanik HA, Pekcetin C, Ergur BU, Uysal N, et al

Carbonate radicals are thought to be important oxidative damage mediators derived from peroxynitrite production (see Fig

doi:10.3390/biom9080356 Teitelbaum JE, Johnson C, St Cyr J

Recent investigations have focused more on combination therapies, particularly pairing glutathione with its precursors (l-cystine, cysteine peptides) or other antioxidants (vitamin C, alpha-lipoic acid, zinc), reflecting the understanding that synergistic effects may enhance skin-lightening outcomes