L., Mercurio, F., Manning, A
However, not all individuals experience every stage ( The aura phenomenon, representing a temporary dysfunction of the CNS, occurs in 25% of migraines ( The headache phase follows the prodromal or aura stages of a migraine, marked by the activation and sensitization of the trigeminovascular system (TVS) and brainstem, leading to disrupted sensory processing and various neurological symptoms indicative of altered brain excitability ( The transition from episodic to chronic migraine involves changes in nociceptive thresholds and central sensitization, driven by factors such as high frequency of migraine attacks, overuse of acute medications, obesity, stress, female sex, psychiatric conditions, and low socioeconomic status ( 3 Neurogenic inflammation in migraine Neurogenic inflammation is defined as an acute sterile inflammation triggered by the release of neuropeptides from peripheral nociceptive fibers, leading to plasma protein extravasation and vasodilation ( Neurogenic inflammation refers to an acute, non-infectious inflammation initiated by neuropeptide release from peripheral pain-sensing fibers, causing plasma protein leakage and blood vessel expansion ( 4 Neuroinflammation in migraine Neuroinflammation refers to an inflammatory reaction within the CNS, regulated by cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and secondary messengers such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandins ( 4.1 Neuronglia communication Within the trigeminal ganglion, neurons and surrounding satellite glial cells engage in mutual communication during activation of the TVS
These effects could potentially mitigate age-related cardiac decline and support overall heart health, though further studies are needed to confirm these benefits in humans
Collectively, these data suggest that the use of Nrf2-activators may be beneficial, since lower doses of opioid could be used, thus likely reducing their side effects
The Bottom Line The shift from adrenal fatigue to HPA axis dysregulation represents a more scientifically grounded understanding of how chronic stress affects the body
Cell 69 , 965978
