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Il-1beta and tnf-alpha induce neurotoxicity through glutamate production: a potential role for neuronal glutaminase

Salonia A, Capogrosso P, Boeri L, Cocci A, Corona G, Dinkelman-Smit M, et al

Key regulators such as glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), ferritin, and transferrin are dysregulated in PD, suggesting therapeutic potential for ferroptosis inhibitors and iron chelators (Wang et al., 2023

However, when ROS production exceeds the capacity of cellular antioxidant defenses to remove these toxic agents, oxidative stress occurs, as confirmed by elevated specific biomarkers of oxidative damage in cyst fluid, including lactose dehydrogenase, lipid peroxidation, and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (126)

This is crucial because research suggests an MRI showing stenosis alone may not reliably confirm it as the source of back pain

Yant LJ, Ran Q, Rao L, et al